Table 4 Associations between sociodemographic factors and the ability to perform ADL and IADL in pre- (2008) and post-reform (2015) periods

Variables	2008
	ADL			IADL
	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value
Age (yr)
18–29	0.27	0.19–0.39	<.001	1.19	0.88–1.60	0.261
30–39	0.24	0.17–0.35	<.001	6.91	5.02–9.49	<.001
≥40	1.00			1.00
Marital status
Married	1.00			1.00
Others1)	1.35	1.03–1.77	0.033	1.42	1.09–1.83	0.007
Gender
Male	1.00			1.00
Female	0.71	0.54–0.91	0.009	1.06	0.83–1.36	0.618
Health condition
Unhealthy	1.00			1.00
Healthy	0.87	0.64–1.18	0.363	1.12	0.86–1.47	0.407
Insurance status
No insurance	1.00			1.00
Have insurance	1.73	1.29–2.31	<.001	1.23	0.95–1.59	0.119
Education
Elementary	2.03	1.28–3.22	0.003	1.16	0.80–1.67	0.441
Junior high school	0.68	0.49–0.93	0.017	0.88	0.64–1.21	0.434
Senior high school	1.04	0.71–1.52	0.852	0.88	0.62–1.24	0.451
College/University	1.00			1.00
Residence
Urban	1.00			1.00
Rural	1.31	0.88–1.94	0.179	0.26	0.14–0.49	<.001
Age (yr)
18–29	6.02	3.40–10.66	<.001	1.96	1.47–2.60	<.001
30–39	7.25	3.68–14.28	<.001	3.93	2.64–5.87	<.001
≥40	1.00			1.00
Marital status
Married	1.00			1.00
Others1)	2.55	1.88–3.44	<.001	2.58	2.06–3.22	<.001
Gender
Male	1.00			1.00
Female	1.41	1.03–1.92	0.032	0.93	0.75–1.17	0.548
Health condition
Unhealthy	1.00			1.00
Healthy	6.17	4.41–8.63	<.001	3.39	2.71–4.25	<.001
Insurance status
No insurance	1.00			1.00
Have insurance	4.18	2.96–5.91	<.001	3.17	2.50–4.02	<.001
Education
Elementary	0.13	0.07–0.22	<.001	0.14	0.92–0.21	<.001
Junior high school	0.34	0.17–0.69	0.003	0.30	0.19–0.49	<.001
Senior high school	0.24	0.13–0.44	<.001	0.23	0.15–0.35	<.001
College/University	1.00			1.00
Residence
Urban	1.00			1.00
Rural	2.30	1.04–5.13	0.041	1.67	0.85–3.33	0.14

Note: Separated, single, divorced, widow/er, cohabitate.
ADL, Activities of Daily Living; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; CI, Confidence Interval.